MEASURE 1
Name of the measure; source citation
EPDS
Link to measure
https://www.sadag.org/images/brochures/edinburghscale.pdf
Purpose of the measure/target population (from source citation)
The EPDS is used to assess postnatal depression
Description of the measure: number of items etc (is it a screening tool, self-administered/parent child tool (face to face, observation), Administration, self-report/child or adult, type of tool (screening/diagnostic)
Self-report scale (EPDS) with 10 items
Psychometric information - validity and reliability (Provide Links to original source)
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-british-journal-of-psychiatry/article/abs/detection-of-postnatal-depression/E18BC62858DBF2640C33DCC8B572F02A#access-block
Studies that have used the measure (citation, publications) Key papers specific to SA
"Lawrie, T. A., Hofmeyr, G. J., De Jager, M., & Berk, M. (1998). Validation of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale on a cohort of South African women. South African Medical Journal, 88(10), 1340-1344.
Rochat, T. J., Tomlinson, M., Newell, M. L., & Stein, A. (2013). Detection of antenatal depression in rural HIV-affected populations with short and ultrashort versions of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Archives of women´s mental health, 16, 401-410.
Abrahams, Z., & Lund, C. (2022). Food insecurity and common mental disorders in perinatal women living in low socio-economic settings in Cape Town, South Africa during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cohort study. Glob Ment Health (Camb), 9, 49-60. https://doi.org/10.1017/gmh.2022.12
Bernstein, M., Phillips, T., Zerbe, A., McIntyre, J. A., Brittain, K., Petro, G., Abrams, E. J., & Myer, L. (2016). Intimate partner violence experienced by HIV-infected pregnant women in South Africa: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open, 6(8), e011999. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011999
Brittain, K., Mellins, C. A., Phillips, T., Zerbe, A., Abrams, E. J., Myer, L., & Remien, R. H. (2017). Social Support, Stigma and Antenatal Depression Among HIV-Infected Pregnant Women in South Africa. AIDS Behav, 21(1), 274-282. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-016-1389-7
Brittain, K., Mellins, C. A., Remien, R. H., Phillips, T., Zerbe, A., Abrams, E. J., & Myer, L. (2019). HIV-status disclosure and depression in the context of unintended pregnancy among South African women. Glob Public Health, 14(8), 1087-1097. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2018.1560485
Cooper, P. J., Tomlinson, M., Swartz, L., Landman, M., Molteno, C., Stein, A., McPherson, K., & Murray, L. (2009). Improving quality of mother-infant relationship and infant attachment in socioeconomically deprived community in South Africa: randomised controlled trial. Bmj, 338, b974. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b974
Davies, T., Garman, E. C., Lund, C., & Schneider, M. (2020). Adaptation and validation of a structured version of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale for use by non-clinicians in South Africa (AFFIRM-HDRS). J Eval Clin Pract, 26(5), 1425-1435. https://doi.org/10.1111/jep.13327
Garman, E. C., Cois, A., Tomlinson, M., Rotheram-Borus, M. J., & Lund, C. (2019). Course of perinatal depressive symptoms among South African women: associations with child outcomes at 18 and 36 months. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 54(9), 1111-1123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-019-01665-2
Garman, E. C., Schneider, M., & Lund, C. (2019). Perinatal depressive symptoms among low-income South African women at risk of depression: trajectories and predictors. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 19(1), 202. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-019-2355-y
Govender, D., Naidoo, S., & Taylor, M. (2020). Antenatal and Postpartum Depression: Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors among Adolescents´ in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Depress Res Treat, 2020, 5364521. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/5364521
Hung, K. J., Tomlinson, M., le Roux, I. M., Dewing, S., Chopra, M., & Tsai, A. C. (2014). Community-based prenatal screening for postpartum depression in a South African township. Int J Gynaecol Obstet, 126(1), 74-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgo.2014.01.011
Lund, C., Schneider, M., Davies, T., Nyatsanza, M., Honikman, S., Bhana, A., Bass, J., Bolton, P., Dewey, M., Joska, J., Kagee, A., Myer, L., Petersen, I., Prince, M., Stein, D. J., Thornicroft, G., Tomlinson, M., Alem, A., & Susser, E. (2014). Task sharing of a psychological intervention for maternal depression in Khayelitsha, South Africa: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 15, 457. https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6215-15-457
Marsay, C., Manderson, L., & Subramaney, U. (2017). Validation of the Whooley questions for antenatal depression and anxiety among low-income women in urban South Africa. S Afr J Psychiatr, 23, 1013. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v23i0.1013
Mokwena, K., & Masike, I. (2020). The Need for Universal Screening for Postnatal Depression in South Africa: Confirmation from a Sub-District in Pretoria, South Africa. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17(19). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17196980
Mokwena, K., & Modjadji, P. (2022). A comparative study of postnatal depression and associated factors in Gauteng and Free State provinces, South Africa. Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med, 14(1), e1-e11. https://doi.org/10.4102/phcfm.v14i1.3031
Mokwena, K. E., & Mbatha, N. L. (2021). Social and Demographic Factors Associated with Postnatal Depression Symptoms among HIV-Positive Women in Primary Healthcare Facilities, South Africa. Healthcare (Basel), 9(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9010065
Okafor, C. N., Barnett, W., Zar, H. J., Nhapi, R., Koen, N., Shoptaw, S., & Stein, D. J. (2021). Associations of Emotional, Physical, or Sexual Intimate Partner Violence and Depression Symptoms Among South African Women in a Prospective Cohort Study. J Interpers Violence, 36(9-10), Np5060-np5083. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518796522
Peltzer, K., Abbamonte, J. M., Mandell, L. N., Rodriguez, V. J., Lee, T. K., Weiss, S. M., & Jones, D. L. (2020). The effect of male involvement and a prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) intervention on depressive symptoms in perinatal HIV-infected rural South African women. Arch Womens Ment Health, 23(1), 101-111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-019-00955-7
Peltzer, K., Rodriguez, V. J., & Jones, D. (2016). Prevalence of prenatal depression and associated factors among HIV-positive women in primary care in Mpumalanga province, South Africa. Sahara j, 13(1), 60-67. https://doi.org/10.1080/17290376.2016.1189847
Peltzer, K., Rodriguez, V. J., Lee, T. K., & Jones, D. (2018). Prevalence of prenatal and postpartum depression and associated factors among HIV-infected women in public primary care in rural South Africa: a longitudinal study. AIDS Care, 30(11), 1372-1379. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2018.1455960
Rayport, Y. K., Sania, A., Lucchini, M., Du Plessis, C., Potter, M., Springer, P. E., Gimenez, L. A., Odendaal, H. J., Fifer, W. P., & Shuffrey, L. C. (2022). Associations of adverse maternal experiences and diabetes on postnatal maternal depression and child social-emotional outcomes in a South African community cohort. PLOS Glob Public Health, 2(10), e0001124. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0001124
Redinger, S., Pearson, R. M., Houle, B., Norris, S. A., & Rochat, T. J. (2021). Thoughts of self-harm in early and late pregnancy in urban South Africa: Investigating prevalence, predictors and screening options. S Afr Med J, 111(7), 627-634. https://doi.org/10.7196/SAMJ.2021.v111i7.15058
Rencken, G., Govender, P., & Uys, C. J. E. (2022). Maternal mental health and caregiver competence of HIV-positive and negative women caring for their singleton newborns in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa. S Afr Med J, 112(7), 494-501. http://www.samj.org.za/index.php/samj/article/download/13617/10167
Ricci, H., Nakiranda, R., Malan, L., Kruger, H. S., Visser, M., Ricci, C., Faber, M., & Smuts, C. M. (2023). Association between maternal postpartum depressive symptoms, socioeconomic factors, and birth outcomes with infant growth in South Africa. Sci Rep, 13(1), 5696. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-32653-x
Rodriguez, V. J., Mandell, L. N., & Jones, D. L. (2022). Factor Structure and Differential Item Functioning of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale: A Comparison of Zulu and English Versions Among Ante- and Postnatal Women Living with HIV in South Africa. Matern Child Health J, 26(7), 1576-1583. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-022-03418-1
Shuffrey, L. C., Sania, A., Brito, N. H., Potter, M., Springer, P., Lucchini, M., Rayport, Y. K., Du Plessis, C., Odendaal, H. J., & Fifer, W. P. (2022). Association of maternal depression and anxiety with toddler social-emotional and cognitive development in South Africa: a prospective cohort study. BMJ Open, 12(4), e058135. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-058135
Stellenberg, E. L., & Abrahams, J. M. (2015). Prevalence of and factors influencing postnatal depression in a rural community in South Africa. Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med, 7(1), 874. https://doi.org/10.4102/phcfm.v7i1.874
Tsai, A. C., Tomlinson, M., Comulada, W. S., & Rotheram-Borus, M. J. (2016). Food insufficiency, depression, and the modifying role of social support: Evidence from a population-based, prospective cohort of pregnant women in peri-urban South Africa. Soc Sci Med, 151, 69-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.12.042
Tsai, A. C., Tomlinson, M., Comulada, W. S., & Rotheram-Borus, M. J. (2016). Intimate Partner Violence and Depression Symptom Severity among South African Women during Pregnancy and Postpartum: Population-Based Prospective Cohort Study. PLoS Med, 13(1), e1001943. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001943
Tsai, A. C., Tomlinson, M., Dewing, S., le Roux, I. M., Harwood, J. M., Chopra, M., & Rotheram-Borus, M. J. (2014). Antenatal depression case finding by community health workers in South Africa: feasibility of a mobile phone application. Arch Womens Ment Health, 17(5), 423-431. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-014-0426-7
van Heyningen, T., Honikman, S., Tomlinson, M., Field, S., & Myer, L. (2018). Comparison of mental health screening tools for detecting antenatal depression and anxiety disorders in South African women. PLoS One, 13(4), e0193697. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193697
Witten, C., Claasen, N., Kruger, H. S., Coutsoudis, A., & Grobler, H. (2020). Psychosocial barriers and enablers of exclusive breastfeeding: lived experiences of mothers in low-income townships, North West Province, South Africa. Int Breastfeed J, 15(1), 76. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13006-020-00320-w
Wong, M., Myer, L., Zerbe, A., Phillips, T., Petro, G., Mellins, C. A., Remien, R. H., Shiau, S., Brittain, K., & Abrams, E. J. (2017). Depression, alcohol use, and stigma in younger versus older HIV-infected pregnant women initiating antiretroviral therapy in Cape Town, South Africa. Arch Womens Ment Health, 20(1), 149-159. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-016-0688-3
Wong, M., Myer, L., Zerbe, A., Phillips, T., Petro, G., Mellins, C. A., Remien, R. H., Shiau, S., Brittain, K., & Abrams, E. J. (2017). Depression, alcohol use, and stigma in younger versus older HIV-infected pregnant women initiating antiretroviral therapy in Cape Town, South Africa. Arch Womens Ment Health, 20(1), 149-159. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-016-0688-3
Baron, E., Field, S., Kafaar, Z., & Honikman, S. (2015). Patterns of use of a maternal mental health service in a low-resource antenatal setting in South Africa. Health Soc Care Community, 23(5), 502-512. https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.12167
Gordon, S., Rotheram-Fuller, E., Rezvan, P., Stewart, J., Christodoulou, J., & Tomlinson, M. (2021). Maternal depressed mood and child development over the first five years of life in South Africa. J Affect Disord, 294, 346-356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.07.027
Lawrie, T. A., Hofmeyr, G. J., de Jager, M., & Berk, M. (1998). Validation of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale on a cohort of South African women. S Afr Med J, 88(10), 1340-1344.
Mashegoane, S., & Bambo, S. C. (2022). Validation of the Tilburg Pregnancy Distress Scale among pregnant women in Capricorn District, South Africa. J Reprod Infant Psychol, 40(5), 439-450. https://doi.org/10.1080/02646838.2021.1934422
Redinger, S., Pearson, R. M., Houle, B., Norris, S. A., & Rochat, T. J. (2020). Antenatal depression and anxiety across pregnancy in urban South Africa. J Affect Disord, 277, 296-305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.010
Context (Country) - setting (national/regional, local, urban/rural ethnicity
Coronation Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa ; rural South Africa;KZN; north West, Khayelitsha, cape Town, Soweto,pretoria,free state, wizenburg, wstern cape
Adapted, including validation studies in South Africa, including translation
Not adapted
MEASURE 2
Domain Subtypes
Depression
Name of the measure; source citation
Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D)
Link to measure
https://www.apa.org/depression-guideline/epidemiologic-studies-scale.pdf
Purpose of the measure/target population (from source citation)
Originally a 20 item self-report scale to measure depressive symptomatology in the general population. The scale combined items from previously validated scales, including the Beck Depression Inventory, the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale, and the Raskin Depression Rating Scale . It was tested in household interview surveys and in psychiatric settings. It was found to have very high internal consistency and adequate test–retest repeatability. Validity was established by patterns of correlations with other self-report measures, by correlations with clinical ratings of depression, and by relationships with other variables which support its construct validity. Reliability, validity, and factor structure were similar across a wide variety of demographic characteristics in the general population samples tested. A useful tool for epidemiologic studies of depression
Description of the measure: number of items etc (is it a screening tool, self-administered/parent child tool (face to face, observation), Administration, self-report/child or adult, type of tool (screening/diagnostic)
"The CES-D provides cut-off scores (16 or greater) that aid in identifying individuals at risk for clinical depression, with good sensitivity and specificity and high internal consistency (Lewinsohn, Seeley, Roberts, & Allen, 1997). The CES-D has been used successfully across wide age ranges (Lewinsohn et al., 1997), is sensitive to differences between caregivers and non-caregivers (Pinquart & Sorensen, 2003), and is sensitive to changes in caregiver depressive symptoms after intervention (Pinquart & Sorensen, 2006). Although the CES-D has somewhat different factor structures across racial and ethnic groups, it can be used appropriately with diverse caregivers (Roth et al., 2008). (1) 20 item self report scale , caregivers rate past week symptoms associated with depression. Response options range from 0 to 3 for each item (0 = Rarely or None of the Time, 1 = Some or Little of the Time, 2 = Moderately or Much of the time, 3 = Most or Almost All the Time). Scores range from 0 to 60, with high scores indicating greater depressive symptoms.
The CES-D provides cut off scores (16 or greater) that aid in identifying individuals at risk for clinical depression, with good sensitivity and specificity and high internal consistency (Lewinsohn, Seeley, Roberts, & Allen, 1997). The CES-D has been used successfully across wide age ranges (Lewinsohn et al., 1997), is sensitive to differences between caregivers and non-caregivers (Pinquart & Sorensen, 2003), and is sensitive to changes in caregiver depressive symptoms after intervention (Pinquart & Sorensen, 2006). Although the CES-D has somewhat different factor structures across racial and ethnic groups, it can be used appropriately with diverse caregivers (Roth et al., 2008). (2)
Psychometric information - validity and reliability (Provide Links to original source)
https://scireproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Clinician-Summary_CES-D-v.7.0-1.pdf
Studies that have used the measure (citation, publications) Key papers specific to SA
"Filiatreau, L. M., Giovenco, D., Twine, R., Gómez-Olivé, F. X., Kahn, K., Haberland, N., & Pettifor, A. (2020). Examining the relationship between physical and sexual violence and psychosocial health in young people living with HIV in rural South Africa. J Int AIDS Soc, 23(12), e25654. https://doi.org/10.1002/jia2.25654
Filiatreau, L. M., Pettifor, A., Edwards, J. K., Masilela, N., Twine, R., Xavier Gómez-Olivé, F., Haberland, N., Kabudula, C. W., Lippman, S. A., & Kahn, K. (2021). Associations Between Key Psychosocial Stressors and Viral Suppression and Retention in Care Among Youth with HIV in Rural South Africa. AIDS Behav, 25(8), 2358-2368. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03198-9
Kagee, A., Roomaney, R., & Knoll, N. (2018). Psychosocial predictors of distress and depression among South African breast cancer patients. Psychooncology, 27(3), 908-914. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.4589
Pretorius, T. B. (1998). Measuring life events in a sample of South African students: comparison of the Life Experiences Survey and the Schedule of Recent Experiences. Psychol Rep, 83(3 Pt 1), 771-780. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1998.83.3.771
Thurman, T. R., Luckett, B. G., Nice, J., Spyrelis, A., & Taylor, T. M. (2017). Effect of a bereavement support group on female adolescents´ psychological health: a randomised controlled trial in South Africa. Lancet Glob Health, 5(6), e604-e614. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2214-109x(17)30146-8 "
Context (Country) - setting (national/regional, local, urban/rural ethnicity
Western cape, rural south africa
Adapted, including validation studies in South Africa, including translation
The CES-D-10 is a valid, reliable screening tool for depression in Zulu, Xhosa and coloured Afrikaans
populations.
MEASURE 3
Name of the measure; source citation
CDI (Children Depression Inventory)
Link to measure
https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Ft19482-000
Purpose of the measure/target population (from source citation)
The CDI measures symptoms of depression such as sadness, anhedonia, suicidal ideation, and sleep and appetite disturbance in children of 7 to 17 years. Each CDI items assesses one symptom by presenting three choices, graded from 0-2 in the direction of increasing psychopathology.
Description of the measure: number of items etc (is it a screening tool, self-administered/parent child tool (face to face, observation), Administration, self-report/child or adult, type of tool (screening/diagnostic)
The CDI is self-report measure that of consists of 27 multiple-choice items
Psychometric information - validity and reliability (Provide Links to original source)
Kovacs, M. (1992). Child depression inventory. Personality and Individual Differences.
Studies that have used the measure (citation, publications) Key papers specific to SA
"Bach, J. M., & Louw, D. (2010). Depression and exposure to violence among Venda and Northern Sotho adolescents in South Africa. African Journal of Psychiatry, 13(1).
Khoza, T. V., & Mokgatle, M. M. (2021). Prevalence of depression symptoms amongst orphaned adolescents at secondary schools in townships of South Africa. The Open Public Health Journal, 14(1).
Penchaliah, S. (1997). Depressive symptomatology in children with and without learning difficulties (Doctoral dissertation).
Sherr, L., Yakubovich, A. R., Skeen, S., Tomlinson, M., Cluver, L. D., Roberts, K. J., & Macedo, A. (2020). Depressive symptoms among children attending community-based support in South Africa–pathways for disrupting risk factors. Clinical child psychology and psychiatry, 25(4), 984-1001.
Swain, K. D., Pillay, B. J., & Kliewer, W. (2017). Traumatic stress and psychological functioning in a South African adolescent community sample. South African Journal of Psychiatry, 23."
Context (Country) - setting (national/regional, local, urban/rural ethnicity
Venda, Durban, South Africa,
Adapted, including validation studies in South Africa, including translation
MEASURE 3
Name of the measure; source citation
BDI
Link to measure
https://www.ismanet.org/doctoryourspirit/pdfs/Beck-Depression-Inventory-BDI.pdf
Purpose of the measure/target population (from source
The BDI measures characteristic attitudes and symptoms of depression
Description of the measure: number of items etc (is it a screening tool, self-administered/parent child tool (face to face, observation), Administration, self-report/child or adult, type of tool (screening/diagnostic)
The BDI is a self-report rating inventory with 21-items and is used to assess characteristic attitudes and symptoms of depression
Psychometric information - validity and reliability (Provide Links to original source)
good sensitivity and specificity and high internal consistency (Lewinsohn, Seeley, Roberts, & Allen, 1997
Studies that have used the measure (citation, publications) Key papers specific to SA
"Chetty, D., & Hoque, M. E. (2013). Effectiveness of a nurse facilitated cognitive group intervention among mild to moderately-depressed-women in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Afr J Psychiatry (Johannesburg), 16(1), 29-34. https://doi.org/10.4314/ajpsy.v16i1.5
Davhana-Maselesele, M., & Igumbor, J. O. (2008). The impact of caring for persons living with HIV and AIDS on the mental health of nurses in the Limpopo Province. Curationis, 31(2), 67-73. https://doi.org/10.4102/curationis.v31i2.987
Govender, C., Du Plessis, A. M., Bipath, P., Povey, D., Viviers, G., & Viljoen, M. (2010). Bone density and depression in premenopausal South African women: a pilot study. Afr J Psychiatry (Johannesbg), 13(1), 58-60. https://doi.org/10.4314/ajpsy.v13i1.53431
Govender, R. D., & Schlebusch, L. (2012). Suicidal ideation in seropositive patients seen at a South African HIV voluntary counselling and testing clinic. Afr J Psychiatry (Johannesbg), 15(2), 94-98. https://doi.org/10.4314/ajpsy.v15i2.12
Harbron, J., van der Merwe, L., Zaahl, M. G., Kotze, M. J., & Senekal, M. (2014). Fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene polymorphisms are associated with physical activity, food intake, eating behaviors, psychological health, and modeled change in body mass index in overweight/obese Caucasian adults. Nutrients, 6(8), 3130-3152. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6083130
Jackson, K., Wadley, A. L., & Parker, R. (2021). Managing pain in HIV/AIDS: a therapeutic relationship is as effective as an exercise and education intervention for rural amaXhosa women in South Africa. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 302. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10309-7
Jaspan, H. B., Mueller, A. D., Myer, L., Bekker, L. G., & Orrell, C. (2011). Effect of caregivers´ depression and alcohol use on child antiretroviral adherence in South Africa. AIDS Patient Care STDS, 25(10), 595-600. https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2010.0323
Kagee, A., Saal, W., & Bantjes, J. (2017). Distress, depression and anxiety among persons seeking HIV testing. AIDS Care, 29(3), 280-284. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2016.1259453
Lentoor, A. G., & Myburgh, L. (2022). Correlation between Body Mass Index (BMI) and Performance on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) in a Cohort of Adult Women in South Africa. Behav Neurol, 2022, 8994793. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8994793
Parker, R., Jelsma, J., & Stein, D. J. (2017). Pain in amaXhosa women living with HIV/AIDS: a cross-sectional study of ambulant outpatients. BMC Womens Health, 17(1), 31. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-017-0388-9
Plüddemann, A., Flisher, A. J., McKetin, R., Parry, C., & Lombard, C. (2010). Methamphetamine use, aggressive behavior and other mental health issues among high-school students in Cape Town, South Africa. Drug Alcohol Depend, 109(1-3), 14-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.11.021
Rossouw, J., Yadin, E., Alexander, D., Mbanga, I., Jacobs, T., & Seedat, S. (2016). A pilot and feasibility randomised controlled study of Prolonged Exposure Treatment and supportive counselling for post-traumatic stress disorder in adolescents: a third world, task-shifting, community-based sample. Trials, 17(1), 548. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-016-1677-6
Stellenberg, E. L., & Abrahams, J. M. (2015). Prevalence of and factors influencing postnatal depression in a rural community in South Africa. Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med, 7(1), 874. https://doi.org/10.4102/phcfm.v7i1.874
Steyn, R., & Vawda, N. (2014). Job characteristics: their relationship to job satisfaction, stress and depression. J Psychol Afr, 24(3), 281-284. https://doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2014.906076
Walker, J., Schlebusch, L., & Gaede, B. (2020). The impact of stress on depression, ill health and coping in family members caring for patients with acquired brain injury. S Afr Fam Pract (2004), 62(1), e1-e6. https://doi.org/10.4102/safp.v62i1.5149
Ward, C. L., Flisher, A. J., Zissis, C., Muller, M., & Lombard, C. (2001). Exposure to violence and its relationship to psychopathology in adolescents. Inj Prev, 7(4), 297-301. https://doi.org/10.1136/ip.7.4.297
Vawda, N. (2014). The prevalence of suicidal behaviour and associated risk factors in grade 8 learners in Durban. South African Family Practice, 56(1), 37-42.
Vawda, N. B. (2012). Associations between family suicide and personal suicidal behaviour among youth in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. South African Family Practice, 54(3), 244-249.
Vawda, N. B. (2014). Depressive symptoms, burnout and the impact of events in non-professional volunteer counselors in Durban, South Africa. Journal of psychiatry, 17(2), 512.
Vawda, N., Milburn, N. G., Steyn, R., & Zhang, M. (2017). The development of a screening tool for the early identification of risk for suicidal behavior among students in a developing country. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 9(3), 267.
Subramaney, U., Wyatt, G. E., & Williams, J. K. (2015). Of ambivalence, shame and guilt: Perceptions regarding termination of pregnancy among South African women. South African Medical Journal, 105(4), 283-284.
Mgoqi-Mbalo, N., Zhang, M., & Ntuli, S. (2017). Risk factors for PTSD and depression in female survivors of rape. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 9(3), 301.
Makhado, L., & Davhana-Maselesele, M. (2016). Knowledge and psychosocial wellbeing of nurses caring for people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWH). Health SA Gesondheid, 21, 1-10.
Davhana-Maselesele, M., Makhado, L., & Madu, S. (2014). Comparison of trauma on survivors of sexual assault and intimate partner violence in Limpopo. Health SA Gesondheid, 19(1), 1-11."
Context (Country) - setting (national/regional, local, urban/rural ethnicity
General population and psychiatric populations in a variety of settings, Cape town , limpopo province, kwazulu natal
Adapted, including validation studies in South Africa, including translation
Not adapted