Domain Subtype 1
PTSD
Name of the measure; source citation
PC-PTSD-5

Link to measure    
https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/assessment/documents/pc-ptsd5-screen.pdf
Purpose of the measure/target population (from source citation)         
The Primary Care PTSD Screen for DSM-5 (PC-PTSD-5) is a screening tool that was designed to identify individuals with probable PTSD in primary care settings.
Self-reporting tool with 5 item Van Wijk, C. H., Martin, J. H., & Maree, D. J. (2021). Clinical validation of brief mental health scales for use in South African occupational healthcare. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 47(1), 1-17.
Description of the measure: number of items etc (is it a screening tool, self administered/parent child tool (face to face, observation), administration, self report/child or adult, type of tool (screening/diagnostic)
self-reporting tool with 5 item        
Psychometric information - validity and reliability (Provide Links to original source)
Van Wijk, C. H., Martin, J. H., & Maree, D. J. (2021). Clinical validation of brief mental health scales for use in South African occupational healthcare. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 47(1), 1-17.
Studies that have used the measure (citation, publications) Key papers specific to SA
Webb, E. L., Dietrich, J. J., Ssemata, A. S., Nematadzira, T. G., Hornschuh, S., Kakande, A., ... & CHAPS Study Team. (2022). Symptoms of post-traumatic stress and associations with sexual behaviour and PrEP preferences among young people in South Africa, Uganda and Zimbabwe. BMC infectious diseases, 22(1), 466.          
Context (Country) - setting (national/regional, local, urban/rural ethnicity      
Young People
Adapted, including validation studies in South Africa, including translation 
Not adapted

Domain subtype 2
PTSD
Name of the measure; source citation
PTSD Checklist
Link to measure
https://www.ohsu.edu/sites/default/files/2022-08/%28PCL-5%29%20PTSD%20Checklist%20for%20DSM5.pdf
Purpose of the measure/target population (from source citation)
Symptoms
Description of the measure: number of items etc (is it a screening tool, self-administered/parent child tool (face to face, observation), Administration, self-report/child or adult, type of tool (screening/diagnostic)         
it is a self-screening tool to help in the diagnosis of PTSD.
Psychometric information - validity and reliability (Provide Links to original source)
https://www.rehab.research.va.gov/jour/11/481/pdf/doaj/gravely.pdf
Studies that have used the measure (citation, publications) Key papers specific to SA     
"Boyes, M. E., Cluver, L. D., & Gardner, F. (2012). Psychometric properties of the child PTSD checklist in a community sample of South African children and adolescents. PLoS One, 7(10), e46905. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0046905
Bröcker, E., Olff, M., Suliman, S., Kidd, M., Greyvenstein, L., & Seedat, S. (2024). A counsellor-supported ´PTSD Coach´ intervention versus enhanced Treatment-as-Usual in a resource-constrained setting: A randomised controlled trial. Glob Ment Health (Camb), 11, e7. https://doi.org/10.1017/gmh.2023.92
Idemudia, E. S., William, J. K., Boehnke, K., & Wyatt, G. (2013). Gender Differences in Trauma and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms among Displaced Zimbabweans in South Africa. J Trauma Stress Disord Treat, 2(3), 1340. https://doi.org/10.4172/2324-8947.1000110
Padmanabhanunni, A., & Pretorius, T. B. (2023). Cognitive Adaptation to Stress and Trauma: The Role of Self-Appraised Problem-Solving in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Chronic Stress (Thousand Oaks), 7, 24705470231189980. https://doi.org/10.1177/24705470231189980
Padmanabhanunni, A., & Pretorius, T. B. (2023). Fear of COVID-19, Perceived Stress, and PTSD: The Serial Mediating Role of Sense of Coherence. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ, 13(11), 2399-2409. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe13110169
Padmanabhanunni, A., & Pretorius, T. B. (2024). Fear of COVID-19 and PTSD: The Protective Function of Problem-Solving Appraisals in Mental Health. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 21(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21020220
Tarsitani, L., Pinucci, I., Tedeschi, F., Patanè, M., Papola, D., Palantza, C., Acarturk, C., Björkenstam, E., Bryant, R., Burchert, S., Davisse-Paturet, C., Díaz-García, A., Farrel, R., Fuhr, D. C., Hall, B. J., Huizink, A. C., Lam, A. I. F., Kurt, G., Leijen, I., . . . Barbui, C. (2022). Resilience of people with chronic medical conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic: a 1-year longitudinal prospective survey. BMC Psychiatry, 22(1), 633. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-022-04265-8
van den Heuvel, L. L., Assim, A., Koning, M., Nöthling, J., & Seedat, S. (2023). Childhood maltreatment and internalizing/externalizing disorders in trauma-exposed adolescents: Does posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) severity have a mediating role? Dev Psychopathol, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954579423001414
Watt, M. H., Ranby, K. W., Meade, C. S., Sikkema, K. J., MacFarlane, J. C., Skinner, D., Pieterse, D., & Kalichman, S. C. (2012). Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms mediate the relationship between traumatic experiences and drinking behavior among women attending alcohol-serving venues in a South African township. J Stud Alcohol Drugs, 73(4), 549-558. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2012.73.549

Buckley, J., Otwombe, K., Joyce, C., Leshabane, G., Hornschuh, S., Hlongwane, K., Dietrich, J., Grelotti, D. J., & Violari, A. (2020). Mental Health of Adolescents in the Era of Antiretroviral Therapy: Is There a Difference Between HIV-Infected and Uninfected Youth in South Africa? J Adolesc Health, 67(1), 76-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.01.010
de Graaff, A. M., Cuijpers, P., Boschloo, L., Elsawy, M., Hunaidy, S., Seedat, S., Witteveen, A. B., Huizink, A. C., & Sijbrandij, M. (2024). The associations of hair cortisol and DHEA with posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in refugees. Compr Psychiatry, 129, 152438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2023.152438
Frank-Schultz, F., Naidoo, P., Cloete, K. J., & Seedat, S. (2012). The Child Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist in a sample of South African youth: establishing factorial validity. J Nerv Ment Dis, 200(8), 692-698. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e31826140e7
Idemudia, E. S. (2017). Trauma and PTSS of Zimbabwean refugees in South Africa: A summary of published studies. Psychol Trauma, 9(3), 252-257. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000214
Idemudia, E. S., Williams, J. K., Madu, S. N., & Wyatt, G. E. (2013). Trauma Exposures and Posttraumatic Stress among Zimbabwean refugees in South Africa. Life Sci J, 10(3).
Kagee, A., Bantjes, J., Saal, W., & Sterley, A. (2022). Predicting Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Caseness Using the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 Among Patients Receiving Care for HIV. J Trauma Stress, 35(1), 13-21. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22654
Martin, L., Revington, N., & Seedat, S. (2013). The 39-item Child Exposure to Community Violence (CECV) scale: exploratory factor analysis and relationship to PTSD symptomatology in trauma-exposed children and adolescents. Int J Behav Med, 20(4), 599-608. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-012-9269-7
Peltzer, K., Seakamela, M. J., Manganye, L., Mamiane, K. G., Motsei, M. S., & Mathebula, T. T. (2007). Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in a rural primary care population in South Africa. Psychol Rep, 100(3 Pt 2), 1115-1120. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.100.4.1115-1120
West, N., Schwartz, S., Mudavanhu, M., Hanrahan, C., France, H., Nel, J., Mutunga, L., Bernhardt, S., Bassett, J., & Van Rie, A. (2019). Mental health in South African adolescents living with HIV. AIDS Care, 31(1), 117-124. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2018.1533222
Idemudia, E. S., Williams, J. K., Madu, S. N., & Wyatt, G. E. (2013). Trauma exposures and posttraumatic stress among Zimbabwean refugees in South Africa. Life science journal, 10(3).
Idemudia, E. S., William, J. K., Boehnke, K., & Wyatt, G. (2013). Gender differences in trauma and posttraumatic stress symptoms among displaced Zimbabweans in South Africa. Journal of Traumatic Stress Disorders & Treatment, 2(3), 1340.
Davhana-Maselesele, M., Makhado, L., & Madu, S. (2014). Comparison of trauma on survivors of sexual assault and intimate partner violence in Limpopo. Health SA Gesondheid, 19(1), 1-11."
Context (Country) - setting (national/regional, local, urban/rural ethnicity
Western cape, South African townships

Adapted, including validation studies in South Africa, including translation
Validated to south African men and women

Domain subtype 3
Trauma
Name of the measure; source citation
HTQ, Harvard Trauma Questionnaire,
Link to measure    
https://onlinematerial.posttraumatic-integration.eu/modules/document/file.php/PTIP111/Handout-M1S3A1_EN.pdf
Purpose of the measure/target population (from source citation)
Inquiries about a variety of trauma events, as well as the emotional symptoms; screening instrument to document trauma exposure, head trauma and trauma-related symptoms in refugees.

Description of the measure: number of items etc (is it a screening tool, self-administered/parent child tool (face to face, observation), Administration, self-report/child or adult, type of tool (screening/diagnostic)         
Various Versions, 25 Item and the other version with four sections; Adults, adolescents, and children aged 11 years and older

Psychometric information - validity and reliability (Provide Links to original source)
https://hprt-cambridge.org/screening/harvard-trauma-questionnaire/

Studies that have used the measure (citation, publications) Key papers specific to SA
Mannell J, Minckas N, Burgess R, et alDoes experiencing a traumatic life event increase the risk of intimate partner violence for young women? A cross-sectional analysis and structural equation model of data from the Stepping Stones and Creating Futures intervention in South AfricaBMJ Open 2022;12:e051969. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-051969; Ramsoomar L, Gibbs A, Chirwa ED, Machisa MT, Alangea DO, Addo-Lartey AA, Dunkle K, Jewkes R. Pooled analysis of the association between mental health and violence against women: evidence from five settings in the Global South. BMJ Open. 2023 Mar 15;13(3):e063730. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-063730. PMID: 36921941; PMCID: PMC10030569.; Orsillo, S. M. (2001). Measures for acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. In M. M. Antony, S. M. Orsillo, & L. Roemer (Eds.), Practitioner´s guide to empirically based measures of anxiety (pp. 255–307). Kluwer Academic Publishers.; S Megan Berthold, Richard F Mollica, Derrick Silove, Alvin Kuowei Tay, James Lavelle, Jutta Lindert, The HTQ-5: revision of the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire for measuring torture, trauma and DSM-5 PTSD symptoms in refugee populations, European Journal of Public Health, Volume 29, Issue 3, June 2019, Pages 468–474, https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cky256
Context (Country) - setting (national/regional, local, urban/rural ethnicity
National (mix 3 African c)

Adapted, including validation studies in South Africa, including translation
7 languages - English, Japanese, Vietnamese, Cambodian, Laotian, Croatian, Bosnian

Notes

Developer
Harvard Program on Refugee Trauma

Domain Subtypes 4          
Trauma
Name of the measure; source citation
CTQ The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ)
Link to measure    
https://www.henryford.com/-/media/files/henry-ford/hcp/research/hdrc/hdrc-questionnaires/ctq-childhood-trauma-questionnaire-20181130-v01-20.pdf?rev=fc73aee19e0e4012b1c9455af5474055&hash=B6875080173CF13D298E9D6A3A9BC2CB
Purpose of the measure/target population (from source citation)         
Consists of 28 items, of which 25 measure childhood maltreatment (total), including five subscales of five items each, i.e., Emotional Abuse (EA), Physical Abuse (PA), Sexual Abuse (SA), Emotional Neglect (EN) and Physical Neglect (PN)

Description of the measure: number of items etc (is it a screening tool, self administered/parent child tool (face to face, observation), Administration, self report/child or adult, type of tool (screening/diagnostic)
Self-report tool with 28 items

Psychometric information - validity and reliability (Provide Links to original source)
Bernstein, D. P., Fink, L., Handelsman, L., Foote, J., Lovejoy, M., Wenzel, K., ... & Ruggiero, J. (1994). Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of child abuse and neglect. The American journal of psychiatry, 151(8), 1132-1136.
Studies that have used the measure (citation, publications) Key papers specific to SA
"Asmal, L., Kilian, S., du Plessis, S., Scheffler, F., Chiliza, B., Fouche, J. P., Seedat, S., Dazzan, P., & Emsley, R. (2019). Childhood Trauma Associated White Matter Abnormalities in First-Episode Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull, 45(2), 369-376. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sby062
Brooks, S. J., Dalvie, S., Cuzen, N. L., Cardenas, V., Fein, G., & Stein, D. J. (2014). Childhood adversity is linked to differential brain volumes in adolescents with alcohol use disorder: a voxel-based morphometry study. Metab Brain Dis, 29(2), 311-321. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-014-9489-4
Brooks, S. J., Naidoo, V., Roos, A., Fouché, J. P., Lochner, C., & Stein, D. J. (2016). Early-life adversity and orbitofrontal and cerebellar volumes in adults with obsessive-compulsive disorder: voxel-based morphometry study. Br J Psychiatry, 208(1), 34-41. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.114.162610
Goedecke, J. H., Forbes, J., & Stein, D. J. (2013). Differences in the association between childhood trauma and BMI in black and white South African women. Afr J Psychiatry (Johannesbg), 16(3), 201-205. https://doi.org/10.4314/ajpsy.v16i3.27
Hatcher, A. M., Mkhize, S. P., Parker, A., & de Kadt, J. (2022). Depressive symptoms and violence exposure in a population-based sample of adult women in South Africa. PLOS Glob Public Health, 2(11), e0001079. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0001079
Howells, F. M., Stein, D. J., & Russell, V. A. (2012). Childhood Trauma is Associated with Altered Cortical Arousal: Insights from an EEG Study. Front Integr Neurosci, 6, 120. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnint.2012.00120
Koen, N., Wyatt, G. E., Williams, J. K., Zhang, M., Myer, L., Zar, H. J., & Stein, D. J. (2014). Intimate partner violence: associations with low infant birthweight in a South African birth cohort. Metab Brain Dis, 29(2), 281-299. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-014-9525-4
Lochner, C., Seedat, S., Allgulander, C., Kidd, M., Stein, D., & Gerdner, A. (2010). Childhood trauma in adults with social anxiety disorder and panic disorder: a cross-national study. Afr J Psychiatry (Johannesbg), 13(5), 376-381. https://doi.org/10.4314/ajpsy.v13i5.63103
Machisa, M. T., Christofides, N., & Jewkes, R. (2017). Mental ill health in structural pathways to women´s experiences of intimate partner violence. PLoS One, 12(4), e0175240. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0175240
Mall, S., Platt, J. M., Temmingh, H., Musenge, E., Campbell, M., Susser, E., & Stein, D. J. (2020). The relationship between childhood trauma and schizophrenia in the Genomics of Schizophrenia in the Xhosa people (SAX) study in South Africa. Psychol Med, 50(9), 1570-1577. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291719001703
Marx, M., Young, S. Y., Harvey, J., Rosenstein, D., & Seedat, S. (2017). An Examination of Differences in Psychological Resilience between Social Anxiety Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the Context of Early Childhood Trauma. Front Psychol, 8, 2058. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02058
Parker, R., Jelsma, J., & Stein, D. J. (2017). Pain in amaXhosa women living with HIV/AIDS: a cross-sectional study of ambulant outpatients. BMC Womens Health, 17(1), 31. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-017-0388-9
Roomaney, A. A., Womersley, J. S., Swart, P. C., Spies, G., Seedat, S., & Hemmings, S. M. J. (2022). Childhood trauma and genetic variation in the DAT 40-bp VNTR contribute to HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. IBRO Neurosci Rep, 12, 45-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibneur.2021.12.003
Savitz, J., van der Merwe, L., Stein, D. J., Solms, M., & Ramesar, R. (2009). Neuropsychological status of bipolar I disorder: impact of psychosis. Br J Psychiatry, 194(3), 243-251. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.108.052001
Savitz, J. B., van der Merwe, L., Newman, T. K., Solms, M., Stein, D. J., & Ramesar, R. S. (2008). The relationship between childhood abuse and dissociation. Is it influenced by catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) activity? Int J Neuropsychopharmacol, 11(2), 149-161. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1461145707007900
Sevenoaks, T., Fouche, J. P., Phillips, N., Heany, S., Myer, L., Zar, H. J., Stein, D. J., & Hoare, J. (2022). Childhood Trauma and Mental Health in the Cape Town Adolescent Antiretroviral Cohort. J Child Adolesc Trauma, 15(2), 353-363. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-021-00362-0
Spies, G., Kidd, M., & Seedat, S. (2019). A factor analytic study of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form in an all-female South African sample with and without HIV infection. Child Abuse Negl, 92, 157-166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.04.002
Spies, G., & Seedat, S. (2014). Depression and resilience in women with HIV and early life stress: does trauma play a mediating role? A cross-sectional study. BMJ Open, 4(2), e004200. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004200
Tozzi, L., Garczarek, L., Janowitz, D., Stein, D. J., Wittfeld, K., Dobrowolny, H., Lagopoulos, J., Hatton, S. N., Hickie, I. B., Carballedo, A., Brooks, S. J., Vuletic, D., Uhlmann, A., Veer, I. M., Walter, H., Bülow, R., Völzke, H., Klinger-König, J., Schnell, K., . . . Frodl, T. (2020). Interactive impact of childhood maltreatment, depression, and age on cortical brain structure: mega-analytic findings from a large multi-site cohort. Psychol Med, 50(6), 1020-1031. https://doi.org/10.1017/s003329171900093x
Troeman, Z. C., Spies, G., Cherner, M., Archibald, S. L., Fennema-Notestine, C., Theilmann, R. J., Spottiswoode, B., Stein, D. J., & Seedat, S. (2011). Impact of childhood trauma on functionality and quality of life in HIV-infected women. Health Qual Life Outcomes, 9, 84. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-9-84
van den Heuvel, L. L., Assim, A., Koning, M., Nöthling, J., & Seedat, S. (2023). Childhood maltreatment and internalizing/externalizing disorders in trauma-exposed adolescents: Does posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) severity have a mediating role? Dev Psychopathol, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954579423001414
Womersley, J. S., Spies, G., Seedat, S., & Hemmings, S. M. J. (2019). Childhood trauma interacts with ApoE to influence neurocognitive function in women living with HIV. J Neurovirol, 25(2), 183-193. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13365-018-0700-y
Womersley, J. S., Spies, G., Tromp, G., Seedat, S., & Hemmings, S. M. J. (2021). Longitudinal telomere length profile does not reflect HIV and childhood trauma impacts on cognitive function in South African women. J Neurovirol, 27(5), 735-749. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13365-021-01009-4 "
Context (Country) - setting (national/regional, local, urban/rural ethnicity
Adolescents, adults, intimate partners, HIV patients, HIV infected women, FES patients, trauma exposed adolescents.
South Africa, Cape Town, western cape, Gauteng

Adapted, including validation studies in South Africa, including translation
translated and back-translated into Xhosa