Domain Subtype 1
Depression Screening
Name of the measure; source citation
Patient Health Questionnaire -9 (PHQ-9)

Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16:606-13.
Link to measure    
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1495268/#app1

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.09.013

Purpose of the measure/target population (from source citation)         
brief measure of depression severity, used to guide treatment decisions

Description of the measure: number of items etc (is it a screening tool, self-administered/parent child tool (face to face, observation), Administration, self report/child or adult, type of tool (screening/diagnostic)
screening tool; self-or interviewer-administered;  self-report; adults 18 and older (alternate version for adolescents), severity of depression

Psychometric information - validity and reliability (Provide Links to original source)
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R.L. & Williams, J.B.W. The PHQ-9. J GEN INTERN MED 16, 606–613 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x;

Bhana A, Rathod SD, Selohilwe O, Kathree T, Petersen I. The validity of the Patient Health Questionnaire for screening depression in chronic care patients in primary health care in South Africa. BMC Psychiatry. 2015 May 23;15:118. doi: 10.1186/s12888-015-0503-0. PMID: 26001915; PMCID: PMC4446842.

Studies that have used the measure (citation, publications) Key papers specific to SA

Bhardwaj, A., Comins, C. A., Guddera, V., Mcingana, M., Young, K., Phetlhu, R., ... & Schwartz, S. (2023). Prevalence of depression, syndemic factors and their impact on viral suppression among female sex workers living with HIV in eThekwini, South Africa. BMC women´s health, 23(1), 232.Cholera R, Gaynes BN, Pence BW, et al. Validity of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 to screen for depression in a high-HIV burden primary healthcare clinic in Johannesburg, South Africa. J Affect Disord. 2014;167:160-166. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.06.003: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24972364/;

Bhana, A., Rathod, S.D., Selohilwe, O. et al. The validity of the Patient Health Questionnaire for screening depression in chronic care patients in primary health care in South Africa. BMC Psychiatry 15, 118 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-015-0503-0;

Marlow, M., Skeen, S., Grieve, C. M., Carvajal-Velez, L., Åhs, J.W., Kohrt, B.A., Requejo, J., Stewart, J., Henry, J., Goldstone, D., Kara, T., & Tomlinson, M. (2023). Detecting Depression and Anxiety Among Adolescents in South Africa: Validity of the isiXhosa Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7, Journal of Adolescent Health, 72(1), Pages S52-S60, ISSN 1054-139X,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.09.013.
Madiga, M. C., & Mokwena, K. (2022). Depression symptoms among family members of Nyaope users in the City of Tshwane, South Africa. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(7), 4097.

Shiba, D., & Mokwena, K. E. (2023). The profile of bullying perpetrators and victims and associated factors among high school learners in Tshwane District, South Africa. International journal of environmental research and public health, 20(6), 4916.

Kathree, T., Bachmann, M., Bhana, A., Grant, M., Mntambo, N., Gigaba, S., ... & Petersen, I. (2023). Management of Depression in Chronic Care Patients Using a Task-Sharing Approach in a Real-World Primary Health Care Setting in South Africa: Outcomes of a Cohort Study. Community Mental Health Journal, 59(7), 1261-1274.

Craig, A., Rochat, T., Naicker, S. N., Mapanga, W., Mtintsilana, A., Dlamini, S. N., ... & Norris, S. A. (2022). The prevalence of probable depression and probable anxiety, and associations with adverse childhood experiences and socio-demographics: A national survey in South Africa. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 986531.

Kigozi, G. (2020). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9: A study amongst tuberculosis patients in the Free State province. Southern African Journal of Infectious Diseases, 35(1).

Gordon, K. J., Martin, C. E., Kutywayo, A., Cox, L. A., Nongena, P., & Mullick, S. (2023). Mental health needs of adolescent and young adult PrEP users in South Africa: Implications for sexual and reproductive health programming. Journal of Adolescent Health, 73(6), S73-S80.

Van der Walt, S., Mabaso, W. S., Davids, E. L., & De Vries, P. J. (2020). The burden of depression and anxiety among medical students in South Africa: A cross-sectional survey at the University of Cape Town. South African Medical Journal, 110(1), 69-79.

Mashaba, B. L., Moodley, S. V., & Ledibane, N. R. (2021). Screening for depression at the primary care level: Evidence for policy decision-making from a facility in Pretoria, South Africa. South African Family Practice, 63(1), 5217.

Jansen van Vuuren, J. M., & Pillay, S. (2019). Major depressive disorder in patients with diabetes mellitus in Pietermaritzburg, South Africa. SAMJ: South African Medical Journal, 109(1), 58-61.

Tadi, N. F., Pillay, K., Ejoke, U. P., & Khumalo, I. P. (2022). Sex differences in depression and anxiety symptoms: measurement invariance, prevalence, and symptom heterogeneity among university students in South Africa. Frontiers in psychology, 13, 873292.

Hain, S., Tomita, A., Milligan, P., & Chiliza, B. (2021). Retain rural doctors: Burnout, depression and anxiety in medical doctors working in rural KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa. South African Medical Journal, 111(12), 1197-1204.

Naidoo, T., Tomita, A., & Paruk, S. (2020). Burnout, anxiety and depression risk in medical doctors working in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa: Evidence from a multi-site study of resource-constrained government hospitals in a generalised HIV epidemic setting. PloS one, 15(10), e0239753.

Cholera, R., Pence, B. W., Gaynes, B. N., Bassett, J., Qangule, N., Pettifor, A., ... & Miller, W. C. (2017). Depression and engagement in care among newly diagnosed HIV-infected adults in Johannesburg, South Africa. AIDS and Behavior, 21, 1632-1640.

Nazeema, A., Lowton, K., Tenea, Z., Anic, A., & Jayrajh, P. (2023). Study of burnout and depressive symptoms in doctors at a central level, state hospital. South African Journal of Psychiatry, 29, 1866.

Petersen, I., Bhana, A., Fairall, L. R., Selohilwe, O., Kathree, T., Baron, E. C., ... & Lund, C. (2019). Evaluation of a collaborative care model for integrated primary care of common mental disorders comorbid with chronic conditions in South Africa. BMC psychiatry, 19, 1-11.

Holm-Hadulla, R. M., Mayer, C. H., Wendler, H., Kremer, T. L., Kotera, Y., & Herpertz, S. C. (2022). Fear, depression, and well-being during COVID-19 in German and South African students: A cross-cultural comparison. Frontiers in psychology, 13, 920125.

Wagner, F., Wagner, R. G., Kolanisi, U., Makuapane, L. P., Masango, M., & Gómez-Olivé, F. X. (2022). The relationship between depression symptoms and academic performance among first-year undergraduate students at a South African university: a cross-sectional study. BMC public health, 22(1), 2067.

Qubekile, Y., Paruk, S., & Paruk, F. (2022). Prevalence of depressive symptoms and quality of life among patients with diabetes mellitus with and without HIV infection: A South African study. South African Journal of Psychiatry, 28, 1762.

Mandima, P., Baltrusaitis, K., Montepiedra, G., Aaron, L., Mathad, J., Onyango-Makumbi, C., ... & Stranix-Chibanda, L. (2023). Prevalence of neurotoxicity symptoms among postpartum women on isoniazid preventive therapy and efavirenz-based treatment for HIV: an exploratory objective of the IMPAACT P1078 randomized trial. BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 23(1), 34.

Context (Country) - setting (national/regional, local, urban/rural ethnicity)
Tshwane District, South Africa, eThekwini South Africa
South Africa
Free state
Cape Town
Pretoria
Pietermaritzburg
 Kwazulu-Natal province
Johannesburg

Adapted, including validation studies in South Africa, including translation
Carroll et al., (2020) coded for cross cultural adaption of PHQ-9, including in 3 studies in South Africa and one in Zimbabwe: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0165178120300226?via%3Dihub;

translated into isiXhosa for use with adolescents: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1054139X22006504

Translated into over 70 languages and dialects (see Pfizer Inc. Patient health questionnaires (PHQ) screeners, official website. (2013). http://www.phqscreeners.com/overview.aspx?Screener=02_PHQ-9;

Domain Subtype 2
Common Mental Disorders experienced by outpatients (five underlying symptom dimensions—sommatization, obsessive-compulsive, interpersonal sensitivity, anxiety and depression)
Name of the measure; source citation
Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL)

Derogatis, L. R. e. a., et al. (1974). The Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL): A measure of primary symptom dimensions. In P. Pichot & R. Olivier-Martin (Eds.), Psychological measurements in psychopharmacology. S. Karger. https://doi.org/10.1159/000395070

Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL), a self-report symptom inventory. Derogatis,  L.R.,  Lipman,  R.S.,  Rickles,  K.,  Uhlenhuth,  E.H.,  & Covi,  L.  (1974).  The  Hopkins  Symptom  Checklist  (HSCL): A  self-report  symptom  inventory. Behavioural  Science, 19, 1–15.

Citation for HSCL-25: Winokur A, Winokur DF, Rickels K, Cox DS. Symptoms of emotional distress in a family planning service: stability over a four-week period. Br J Psychiatry. 1984 Apr;144:395-9.

There are numerous versions: The most frequently used current versions are HSCL/HSCL-58 (1974), HSCL-25 (1984), SCL-90-R (1994), and the Brief Symptom Inventory (1993): https://eprovide.mapi-trust.org/instruments/hopkins-symptom-checklist-25-items

Link to measure    
All versions of the HSCL-25 are available to order at hprt.gmh@gmail.com

Purpose of the measure/target population (from source citation)         
The HSCL assesses 5 domains representative of the common mental disorder symptom configurations observed among outpatients. Studies in several populations have consistently shown that the total score on the HSCL is highly correlated with severe emotional distress of unspecified diagnosis.

Description of the measure: number of items etc (is it a screening tool, self-administered/parent-child tool (face-to-face, observation), Administration, self-report/child or adult, type of tool (screening/diagnostic)
Self-report, symptom inventory originally with 90 items

Respondents are  requested to complete  each item  on  a  ‘how  often’  basis.  Occurrence  is measured  through  the  selection  one  of  the following  alternatives:  1  =  never;  2  =  seldom;  3  =  often;  and  4 =  almost  always.  There  is  no  time  limit  for  the  completion  of the questionnaire. The questionnaire is scored and interpreted in terms of the separate scores for each of the five dimensions.

Psychometric information - validity and reliability (Provide Links to original source)
https://dumas.ccsd.cnrs.fr/dumas-01537933/document

Studies that have used the measure (citation, publications) Key papers specific to SA

Halvorsen, J.O., ; Kagee, A. (2010). Predictors of Psychological Sequelae of Torture among South African Former Political Prisoners.
Kagee, A., Saal, W., & Bantjes, J. (2017). Distress, depression and anxiety among persons seeking HIV testing. AIDS care, 29(3), 280-284.

Journal of Interpersonal Violence, v25 n6 p989-1005 2010.

Context (Country) - setting (national/regional, local, urban/rural ethnicity)
Local, urban

Adapted, including validation studies in South Africa, including translation
Kagee, A. (2005). Symptoms of Distress and Posttraumatic Stress among South African Former Political Detainees, Ethnicity & Health, 10:2, 169-179, DOI: 10.1080/13557850500071244;

Kagee, A. & Martin, L. (2010).  Symptoms of depression and anxiety among a sample of South African patients living with HIV, AIDS Care, 22:2, 159-165, DOI: 10.1080/09540120903111445 

Domain Subtype 3           
Mental disorders/non-specific psychological distress, depression (including suicidality), anxiety-related disorders and somatoform disorders

Name of the measure; source citation
Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ)
Self-reporting Questionnaire-20 (SRQ-20); Beusenberg M, Orley J. A user’s guide to the self-reporting questionnaire. Geneva: Division of Mental Health, World Health Organization; 1994.
Link to measure    
https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=A+user%E2%80%99s+guide+to+the+self+reporting+questionnaire&author=M+Beusenberg&author=J+Orley&publication_year=1994&

Purpose of the measure/target population (from source citation)         
Screener for psychiatric disturbance, especially for use in developing countries; used with adults, adolescents

Description of the measure: number of items etc (is it a screening tool, self-administered/parent-child tool (face to face, observation), Administration, self-report/child or adult, type of tool (screening/diagnostic)
SRQ-20: 20-item self-report screening tool developed by the WHO  specifically for LMIC primary healthcare settings; yes/no answer format; self- or interviewer-administered; additional items have been added to screen for psychotic disorder and substance use
           
Psychometric information - validity and reliability (Provide Links to original source)
Beusenberg, M., Orley, J. H., & World Health Organization. (1994). A User´s guide to the self reporting questionnaire (SRQ (No. WHO/MNH/PSF/94.8. Unpublished). World Health Organization;

Cherian VI, Peltzer K, Cherian L. The factor-structure of the Self Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20) in South Africa. East Afr Med J. 1998;75(11):654-656: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10065179/

Studies that have used the measure (citation, publications) Key papers specific to SA

van der Westhuizen C, Wyatt G, Williams JK, Stein DJ, Sorsdahl K. Validation of the Self Reporting Questionnaire 20-Item (SRQ-20) for Use in a Low- and Middle-Income Country Emergency Centre Setting. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2016 Feb 1;14(1):37-48. doi: 10.1007/s11469-015-9566-x. Epub 2015 Jun 30. PMID: 26957953; PMCID: PMC4779367; 

Matimba & Ravhuhali, Khuliso & Kuonza, Lazarus & Mathee, Angela & Kgalamono, Spo & Made, Felix & Tlotleng, Nonhlanhla & Kootbodien, Tahira & Ntlebi, Vusi & Wilson, Kerry & Naicker, Nisha. (2019). Common Mental Health Disorders among Informal Waste Pickers in Johannesburg, South Africa 2018—A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 16. 2618. 10.3390/ijerph16142618.
Context (Country) - setting (national/regional, local, urban/rural ethnicity)
Cape Town, South Africa
Johannesburg, South Africa
for use in developing/low- and middle-income countries

Adapted, including validation studies in South Africa, including translation
Stein, D.J.; Sorsdahl, K. Validation of the self-reporting questionnaire 20-item (SRQ-20) for use in a low-and middle-income country emergency center setting. Int. J. Ment. Health Addict. 2016, 14, 2–4.